Reza Azizian
1,2* 
, Setareh Mamishi
1, Erfaneh Jafari
1,2 , Mohammad Reza Mohammadi
3, Fereshteh Heidari Tajabadi
4, Babak Pourakbari
1* 1 Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center (PIDRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2 Biomedical Innovation and Start-up Student Association (Biomino), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3 Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
4 Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Bacterial respiratory infections pose significant health risks to children, particularly infants susceptible to upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). The COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated the prevalence of these infections, with pathogens such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, and Klebsiella species commonly implicated in pediatric cases. The critical need for accurate and timely detection of these bacterial agents has highlighted the importance of advanced diagnostic techniques, including multiplex real-time PCR, in clinical practice. Multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) offers several advantages, including rapid results, high sensitivity, and specificity. By accelerating the diagnostic process, this approach enables early intervention and targeted treatment, ultimately improving patient outcomes. In addition to PCR technologies, rapid and point-of-care testing (POCT) play a crucial role in the prompt diagnosis of bacterial respiratory infections. These tests are designed to be user-friendly, sensitive, and deliver quick results, making them particularly valuable in urgent clinical settings. POCT tests are often categorized into two main groups: those aimed at determining the cause of infection and those focused on confirming the presence of specific pathogens. By utilizing POCT, healthcare providers can make rapid and informed treatment decisions, leading to more effective management of bacterial respiratory infections in children. As the medical community continues to explore innovative diagnostic approaches, the integration of molecular and rapid testing methods offers significant promise in the realm of bacterial respiratory infections. By adopting these cutting-edge technologies, healthcare professionals can enhance their ability to accurately diagnose these infections, tailor treatment strategies, and ultimately improve patient care.