Mehdi Varmaghani
1,2, Farshad Sharifi
3, Parinaz Mehdipour
2,4, Ali Sheidaei
4, Shirin Djalalinia
2,5, Kimiya Gohari
6, Mitra Modirian
2, Forough Pazhuheian
2, Niloofar Peykari
2,7, Rosa Haghshenas
2, Alireza Khajavi
8,2, Hossein Zokaei
2, Ghobad Moradi
9, Alireza Mahdavihezaveh
10, Farshad Farzadfar
2,11*1 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
2 Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3 Elderly Health Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
4 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
5 Deputy of Research and Technology, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
6 Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
7 Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
8 Student Research Committee, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
9 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
10 Deputy of Health, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
11 Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
*Corresponding Author: *Corresponding Author: Farshad Farzadfar, MD, PhD; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Science Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; and Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Tel: +98-21-88631293. Email: , Email:
f-farzadfar@tums.ac.ir
Abstract
Background: Tobacco smoking is one of the most important avoidable causes of mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This study aimed to report the crude and standardized prevalence of current, ever, and secondhand smoking at national and provincial levels.
Methods: This study was performed through an analysis of the results of the STEPs survey 2016, which was conducted as a cross-sectional national study. The samples were selected via multistage cluster sampling and they were representative of general population aged ≥18 years in all provinces of Iran. All the data were analyzed via survey analysis while considering population weights. Age-standardized prevalence was also calculated for the Iranian national population in 2016 and the World Health Organization (WHO) Population 2000-2025.
Results: A total of 29963 subjects aged ≥18 years from all provinces of Iran, except for Qom, participated in this study. The age standardized prevalence of current tobacco smoking among adult males and females were 24.4% (95% CI: 23.6%–25.1%) and 3.8% (95% CI: 3.5%–4.1%), respectively. Among the participants, the majority of the current smokers were among those aged 45-54 years (14.5%; 95% CI: 13.6%–15.5%). With increase in age, the prevalence of secondhand smoking decreased to 34.8% (95% CI: 33.3%–36.7%) among people aged 18–24 years and to 22·6% (95% CI: 21.0%–24.3%) among subjects over 70 years.
Conclusion: The result of the study can be used to inform policy makers about the status of smoking and help them to design policies for setting rules on and limiting the import of cigarettes and their components to the country.