Academy of Medical Sciences of I.R. Iran Archives of Iranian Medicine 1029-2977 27 11 2024 11 01 Hairy Cell Leukemia Following Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Concomitant or Secondary? 636 638 10.34172/aim.28846 EN Zhang Bingyao https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8898-1936 Fu Zhaoqiang Zhang Xuxi Yang Qian Qin Youwen https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4659-8442 Journal Article 10.34172/aim.28846 2024 01 24 2024 07 27 A 62-year-old man diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) showed limited responses to two courses of azacitidine (AZA)+Venetoclax (VEN) therapy. Twenty days after being transferred to our hospital, flow cytometry with broad antigen coverage and mutation analysis confirmed the presence of a second malignancy, hairy cell leukemia (HCL). Following haploidentical combined umbilical cord blood transplantation, the patient achieved complete remission (CR) for both AML and HCL. This CR has been maintained for the past 14 months. Patients with dual hematologic malignancies may not respond well to conventional therapy regimens. Early initiation of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is beneficial for improving prognosis and extending overall survival.